Transforming Stem Cells into Endothelial Cells That Makeup the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier--the filter that controls what can (and cannot) come into contact with the mammalian brain--is a remarkable feat of nature. It effectively separates circulating blood from the fluid that bathes the brain, and it keeps out bacteria, viruses, and other compounds that could damage it. However, the barrier can be disrupted by disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis (MS), for example, and also is a big challenge for medicine, as it can be difficult or impossible to get therapeutic molecules through the barrier to treat neurologic disorders.

Now, the blood-brain barrier has the potential to provide some insights in that scientists have created in the laboratory dish the cells that comprise the brain’s protective barrier.

Writing in the June 24, 2012, edition of the journal Nature Biotechnology, the researchers, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison; USA), described converting stem cells into endothelial cells with blood-brain barrier qualities. Access to the specialized cells “has the potential to streamline drug discovery for neurological disease,” said Dr. Eric Shusta, a UW-Madison professor of chemical and biological engineering and one of the senior authors of the new study. “You can look at tens of thousands of drug candidates and just ask the question if they have a chance to get into the brain. There is broad interest from the pharmaceutical industry.”

The blood-brain barrier depends on the unique qualities of endothelial cells, the cells that make up the lining of blood vessels. In many parts of the body, the endothelial cells that line capillaries are spaced so that substances can pass through. But in the capillaries that lead to the brain, the endothelial cells nestle in tight formation, creating a semi-permeable barrier that allows some substances--vital nutrients and metabolites--access to the brain while keeping others--pathogens and harmful chemicals--locked out.

The cells described in the new Wisconsin study, which was led by Dr. Ethan S. Lippmann, now a postdoctoral fellow at the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, and Dr. Samira M. Azarin, now a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University, exhibit both the active and passive regulatory qualities of those cells that make up the capillaries of the intact brain.

The research team coaxed both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to form the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. The use of induced cells, which can come from patients with specific neurologic disorders, may be especially important for modeling disorders that compromise the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, because the cells can be mass generated, they could be used to devise high-throughput screens for molecules that may have therapeutic value for neurologic conditions or to identify existing drugs that may have neurotoxic qualities.

“The nice thing about deriving endothelial cells from induced pluripotent stem cells is that you can make disease-specific models of brain tissue that incorporate the blood-brain barrier,” explained Dr. Sean Palecek, a UW-Madison professor of chemical and biological engineering and a senior author of the new report. “The cells you create will carry the genetic information of the condition you want to study.”

The creation of the specialized blood-brain barrier endothelial cells, the Wisconsin researchers note, has never been achieved with stem cells. In addition to the potential applications to screen drugs and model pathologies of the blood-brain barrier, they may also provide a novel window for developmental biologists who are interested in how the barrier comes together and co-develops with the brain.

“Neurons develop at the same time as the endothelial cells,” Dr. Shusta stated, noting that, in development, the cells secrete chemical cues that help determine organ specificity.

“We don’t know what all those factors are,” Dr. Lippmann said. “But with this model, we can go back and look.” Identifying all of the molecular factors at play as blank slate stem cells differentiate to become specialized endothelial cells could one day have clinical significance to treat stroke or tamp down the ability of brain tumors to recruit blood vessels needed to sustain cancer.

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