Breath Ketone Analyzer Accurately Detects Ketosis in Type 1 Diabetes

The presence of high levels of ketones in the bloodstream is a common complication of diabetes, which if left untreated can lead to ketoacidosis. Ketones build up when there is insufficient insulin to help fuel the body’s cells.

High levels of ketones are more common in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or people with advanced type 2 diabetes. The most accurate way of testing for ketones is to use a blood glucose meter which can test for ketones as well as blood glucose levels. Urine can be tested for ketone levels; however, the testing of urine means that the level is representative of the ketone levels up to a few hours ago.

Medical Scientists at the University of Colorado (Aurora, CO, USA) assessed the accuracy of a breath ketone analyzer to detect ketosis in adults and children with type 1 diabetes. They analyzed data from adults and children aged 6 years or older that had type 1 diabetes for at least a year. Participants were given a breath ketone analyzer (Ketonix, Varberg, Sweden) and a blood ketone meter (Precision Xtra, Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA) to measure ketones for 90 days. For 90 days, participants were asked to check ketones at least once daily, if their blood glucose was more than 300 mg/dL, or if they were having diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms. Measurements taken in the morning were considered fasting measurements, whereas all others were considered non-fasting.

The investigators reported that a total of 500 measurements from 19 adults and children with type 1 diabetes were analyzed. There was a significant association between the breath ketone analyzer and blood ketone meter results in non-fasting adults, but not in children. In adults, a cut-off of 3.9 PPM on the breath ketone analyzer maximized the Youden Index with an AUC of 0.73. This cut-off for the breath ketone analyzer had 94.7% sensitivity and 54.2% specificity to detect ketosis (≥0.6 mmol/L in blood ketone meter).

Halis Kaan Akturk, MD, an Endocrinologist and senior author of the study, said, “We found that morning fasting results in adults can be falsely higher in some individuals. We also included some adults with type 1 diabetes using SGLT2 inhibitors that already have higher ketone levels at baseline. A breath ketone analyzer can be a good screening tool in patients that are at high risk for ketosis.”

The authors concluded that the breath ketone analyzer may be considered as a non-invasive screening tool to rule out ketosis in adults with type 1 diabetes. The study was published on August 27, 2021 in the Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.

Related Links:
University of Colorado
Ketonix
Abbott Diabetes Care