Biobots Advance Soft Biological Machines

A new generation of walking “biobots” powered by muscle cells and controlled with electrical pulses are providing researchers with never-before attained control over their function.

The engineers published their research in the online June 30, 2014, in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). “Biological actuation driven by cells is a fundamental need for any kind of biological machine you want to build,” said study leader Rashid Bashir, a professor and head of bioengineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (U of I; USA). “We’re trying to integrate these principles of engineering with biology in a way that can be used to design and develop biological machines and systems for environmental and medical applications. Biology is tremendously powerful, and if we can somehow learn to harness its advantages for useful applications, it could bring about a lot of great things.”


Prof. Bashir’s group has been innovators in designing and constructing bio-bots, less than 1 cm in size, made of flexible three-dimensional (3D)-printed hydrogels and living cells. Earlier, the engineers demonstrated biobots that “walk” on their own, powered by beating heart cells from lab rodents. However, heart cells continually contract, denying researchers control over the bot’s motion. This makes it difficult to use heart cells to engineer a biobot that can be turned on and off, sped up or slowed down.

The new biobots are powered by a band of skeletal muscle cells that can be triggered by an electric pulse. This gives the researchers a simple way to control the biobots and creates an avenue for other cutting-edge design ideas, so engineers can tailor biobots for specific applications. “Skeletal muscles cells are very attractive because you can pace them using external signals,” Prof. Bashir said. “For example, you would use skeletal muscle when designing a device that you wanted to start functioning when it senses a chemical or when it received a certain signal. To us, it’s part of a design toolbox. We want to have different options that could be used by engineers to design these things.”

The design is engineered similar to the muscle-tendon-bone complex found in nature. There is a support of 3D-printed hydrogel, strong enough to give the biobot structure but flexible enough to bend like a joint. Two posts serve to fasten a strip of muscle to the backbone, similar in the way tendons attach muscle to bone, but the posts also act as feet for the biobot. A bot’s speed can be controlled by adjusting the frequency of the electric pulses. A higher frequency causes the muscle to contract faster, thereby speeding up the biobot’s progress as seen in the video (below).

“It's only natural that we would start from a biomimetic design principle, such as the native organization of the musculoskeletal system, as a jumping-off point,” said graduate student Caroline Cvetkovic, co-first author of the paper. “This work represents an important first step in the development and control of biological machines that can be stimulated, trained, or programmed to do work. It's exciting to think that this system could eventually evolve into a generation of biological machines that could aid in drug delivery, surgical robotics, 'smart' implants, or mobile environmental analyzers, among countless other applications.”

Next, the researchers will work to gain even greater control over the biobots’ motion, such as integrating neurons so the biobots can be directed in different directions with light or chemical gradients. On the engineering side, they hope to design a hydrogel backbone that allows the biobot to move in different directions based on different signals. Due to 3D printing technology, engineers can examine different shapes and designs quickly. Prof. Bashir and colleagues even plan to integrate a unit into undergraduate lab curriculum so that students can design different kinds of biobots.

“The goal of ‘building with biology’ is not a new one--tissue engineering researchers have been working for many years to reverse engineer native tissue and organs, and this is very promising for medical applications,” said graduate student Ritu Raman, co-first author of the study. “But why stop there? We can go beyond this by using the dynamic abilities of cells to self-organize and respond to environmental cues to forward engineer non-natural biological machines and systems.”

“The idea of doing forward engineering with these cell-based structures is very exciting,” Prof. Bashir commented. “Our goal is for these devices to be used as autonomous sensors. We want it to sense a specific chemical and move towards it, then release agents to neutralize the toxin, for example. Being in control of the actuation is a big step forward toward that goal.”

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