Cancer Cells Reprogram Immune Cells to Assist in Metastasis
By LabMedica International staff writers Posted on 20 Jul 2020 |
Image: A blue tumor organoid surrounded by red NK cells (Photo courtesy of Isaac Chan, MD, PhD).
Natural killer (NK) cells, a type of immune cell, are known to limit metastasis by inducing the death of cancer cells, but metastases still form in patients, so there must be ways for cancer cells to escape.
The loss of immunosurveillance is critical to breast cancer metastasis, immune checkpoint blockade has not been as effective in treating metastatic breast cancer as in melanoma or lung cancer. Breast cancer cells must overcome NK cell surveillance to form distant metastases, yet currently there is limited understanding of how metastatic cancer cells escape NK cell regulation.
Oncologists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center (Baltimore, MD, USA) and their colleagues used ex vivo and in vivo models of metastasis, to establish that keratin-14+ breast cancer cells are vulnerable to NK cells. They then discovered that exposure to cancer cells causes NK cells to lose their cytotoxic ability and promote metastatic outgrowth.
Gene expression comparisons revealed that healthy NK cells have an active NK cell molecular phenotype, whereas tumor-exposed (teNK) cells resemble resting NK cells. Receptor–ligand analysis between teNK cells and tumor cells revealed multiple potential targets. The team next showed that treatment with antibodies targeting T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), antibodies targeting killer cell leptin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), or small-molecule inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DMNT) each reduced colony formation. Combinations of DNMT inhibitors with anti-TIGIT or anti-KLRG1 antibodies further reduced metastatic potential.
Isaac Chan, MD, PhD, a Medical Oncologist and lead author of the study, said, “Metastatic disease is the main driver of breast cancer deaths, and we need a deeper understanding of how and why it occurs. Our study has identified a new strategy for cancer cells to co-opt the immune system. If we could prevent or reverse natural killer cell reprogramming in patients, it could be a new way to stop metastasis and reduce breast cancer mortality.”
The authors proposed that NK-directed therapies targeting these pathways would be effective in the adjuvant setting to prevent metastatic recurrence. The process may also apply to other cancer types. Immunotherapies that target NK cells could also potentially be used together with existing immunotherapies that stimulate T cells to fight cancer. The study was published on July 9, 2020 in the Journal of Cell Biology.
Related Links:
Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center
The loss of immunosurveillance is critical to breast cancer metastasis, immune checkpoint blockade has not been as effective in treating metastatic breast cancer as in melanoma or lung cancer. Breast cancer cells must overcome NK cell surveillance to form distant metastases, yet currently there is limited understanding of how metastatic cancer cells escape NK cell regulation.
Oncologists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center (Baltimore, MD, USA) and their colleagues used ex vivo and in vivo models of metastasis, to establish that keratin-14+ breast cancer cells are vulnerable to NK cells. They then discovered that exposure to cancer cells causes NK cells to lose their cytotoxic ability and promote metastatic outgrowth.
Gene expression comparisons revealed that healthy NK cells have an active NK cell molecular phenotype, whereas tumor-exposed (teNK) cells resemble resting NK cells. Receptor–ligand analysis between teNK cells and tumor cells revealed multiple potential targets. The team next showed that treatment with antibodies targeting T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), antibodies targeting killer cell leptin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), or small-molecule inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DMNT) each reduced colony formation. Combinations of DNMT inhibitors with anti-TIGIT or anti-KLRG1 antibodies further reduced metastatic potential.
Isaac Chan, MD, PhD, a Medical Oncologist and lead author of the study, said, “Metastatic disease is the main driver of breast cancer deaths, and we need a deeper understanding of how and why it occurs. Our study has identified a new strategy for cancer cells to co-opt the immune system. If we could prevent or reverse natural killer cell reprogramming in patients, it could be a new way to stop metastasis and reduce breast cancer mortality.”
The authors proposed that NK-directed therapies targeting these pathways would be effective in the adjuvant setting to prevent metastatic recurrence. The process may also apply to other cancer types. Immunotherapies that target NK cells could also potentially be used together with existing immunotherapies that stimulate T cells to fight cancer. The study was published on July 9, 2020 in the Journal of Cell Biology.
Related Links:
Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center
Latest Pathology News
- Robotic Blood Drawing Device to Revolutionize Sample Collection for Diagnostic Testing
- Use of DICOM Images for Pathology Diagnostics Marks Significant Step towards Standardization
- First of Its Kind Universal Tool to Revolutionize Sample Collection for Diagnostic Tests
- AI-Powered Digital Imaging System to Revolutionize Cancer Diagnosis
- New Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Panel to Support Real-Time Surveillance and Combat Antimicrobial Resistance
- New Method Offers Sustainable Approach to Universal Metabolic Cancer Diagnosis
- Spatial Tissue Analysis Identifies Patterns Associated With Ovarian Cancer Relapse
- Unique Hand-Warming Technology Supports High-Quality Fingertip Blood Sample Collection
- Image-Based AI Shows Promise for Parasite Detection in Digitized Stool Samples
- Deep Learning Powered AI Algorithms Improve Skin Cancer Diagnostic Accuracy
- Microfluidic Device for Cancer Detection Precisely Separates Tumor Entities
- Virtual Skin Biopsy Determines Presence of Cancerous Cells
- AI Detects Viable Tumor Cells for Accurate Bone Cancer Prognoses Post Chemotherapy
- First Ever Technique Identifies Single Cancer Cells in Blood for Targeted Treatments
- Innovative Blood Collection Device Overcomes Common Obstacles Related to Phlebotomy
- Intra-Operative POC Device Distinguishes Between Benign and Malignant Ovarian Cysts within 15 Minutes