Inherited Immune Deficiency Detected In Newborns

A study suggests that early diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency leads to high survival rates.

The newborn screening test for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) reliably identifies infants with the life-threatening inherited condition, leading to prompt treatment and high survival rates, according to a new study. Researchers led by Jennifer Puck, MD, of the University of California (San Francisco, CA, USA) found that SCID affects approximately 1 in 58,000 newborns, indicating that the disorder is less rare than previously thought. The study was funded in part by NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID; Bethesda, MD, USA) and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). It appears in the August 20, 2014, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

SCID is a group of disorders caused by defects in genes involved in the development and function of T cells and other infection-fighting immune cells. Infants with SCID are highly susceptible to life-threatening infections. SCID is fatal, usually within the first year or two of life, unless affected infants are given immune-restoring treatments such as transplants of blood-forming stem cells or gene therapy. More than 80 % of affected infants do not have a family history of the condition.

The SCID newborn screening test that was originally developed at NIH and measures T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), a byproduct of T-cell development. Infants with SCID have few or no T cells, regardless of the underlying genetic defect. Absence of TRECs may indicate SCID. It might also help doctors identify infants with non-SCID T-cell deficiencies. SCID was added in 2010 to the US Department of Health and Human Services' Recommended Uniform Screening Panel. But the TREC test has not yet been adopted universally. Nearly half of states conduct newborn screening for SCID, and the test is performed for almost two thirds of infants born across the country.

The current study evaluated data from more than 3 million newborns gathered by screening programs in 10 states and the Navajo Nation, which spans parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. The Navajo have a higher than average risk of SCID, due to certain genetic mutations. Overall, screening detected 52 newborns with SCID, equivalent to 1 in 58,000 infants. All infants with abnormal TREC results underwent further diagnostic testing to confirm SCID. The researchers did not identify any cases of SCID that were missed by TREC screening. Previous estimates, based on limited data, suggested that SCID was less prevalent, affecting only 1 in 100,000 babies.

Early diagnosis allows physicians to treat SCID infants promptly, before infections become overwhelming. Of the 52 SCID infants in the current study, 49 received immune-restoring therapies such as stem cell transplants, enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy. Three infants died before treatment was given. Four died after receiving transplants, while the other 45 treated infants (92%) survived.

Tiina Urv, PhD, a program director in the Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch at NICHD said, "We have made great strides in our knowledge of SCID and other related immunodeficiencies in a relatively short period of time, thanks to newborn screening. Such collaborative research efforts could serve as a model for other disorders."

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