Uninfected or Asymptomatic? – Key to Forecasting Infectious Disease Epidemics

A new study highlights the need to develop and deploy reliable diagnostic screening tests to detect infected individuals whether or not they are showing symptoms.

Major epidemics such as the recent Ebola outbreak or the emerging Zika epidemic may be difficult to forecast because of inability to determine whether individuals are uninfected or infected but not showing symptoms, according to the new study by researchers from University of Cambridge (Cambridge, UK). A principal challenge in infectious disease epidemiology is accurately forecasting the threats posed by diseases early in emerging outbreaks. Accurate real-time forecasts of whether or not initial reports of cases of disease will be followed by a major epidemic are necessary to determine which control measures should be deployed.


The disease’s incubation period (the delay between infection and the appearance of symptoms, during which infected individuals are classed as presymptomatic), can drive significant uncertainty in forecasting during the earliest stages of an epidemic. The study team used mathematical modeling on Ebolavirus as a case study to evaluate the effect of presymptomatic infection on predictions of major epidemics. The results show for the first time that precise estimates of the current number of infected individuals – and consequently the chance of a major outbreak in the future – cannot be inferred from data based on symptomatic cases alone. This is the case even if factors such as the average infection rate and the death or recovery rates of individuals in the population can be estimated accurately.

“If we are able to use diagnostic tests to determine whether individuals who do not show symptoms are susceptible or are instead infected but not showing symptoms, we’ll be in a better position to estimate the chance of a major outbreak,” says Dr Nik Cunniffe, who led the study, “Since the reliability of diagnostic tests affects the extent to which forecasting is possible, it’s important not just to develop new diagnostic tests, but also to ensure those we have are continually refined and promptly deployed.”

Although the researchers chose Ebola as a representative case study of a disease for which reports of initial cases are not always followed by a large epidemic, they say their results are applicable to other outbreaks, and not just those that affect humans. “These findings—that accurate forecasting relies on informing models with data on presymptomatic infections—hold true for anything from the current Zika outbreak through to animal diseases such as bluetongue and even plant pathogens such as Xylella fastidiosa, that is currently causing such devastation to olive groves in southern Italy,” added first author Robin Thompson.

The researchers acknowledge that their models are based on an idealized setting in which symptomatic cases and deaths were recorded perfectly and in which the values of disease transmission parameters were known exactly. However, that additional uncertainty will only make forecasting even more challenging. Presymptomatic infection alone makes prediction imprecise, reinforcing the need to better estimate levels of hidden infection in populations.

The study, by Thompson RN et al, was published April 5, 2016, in the journal PLOS Computational Biology.

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