Buckyball Formation Findings Supported, Discovery Could Aid Medical Imaging, Cancer Treatment

A new finding has revealed evidence to support the once debatable hypothesis of “buckyball” formation. The discovery could help advance medical imaging and cancer treatment.

Researchers from the Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute (Roanoke, USA) have reported the first experimental evidence that supports the hypothesis that a soccer ball-shaped nanoparticle typically called a buckyball is the result of a breakdown of larger structures instead of being built atom-by-atom.

Known as fullerenes, these spherical carbon molecules have shown great promise for uses in medicine, solar energy, and optoelectronics. But finding applications for these specific structures has been difficult because it is not known precisely how they are formed. Two hypotheses compete regarding the molecular mechanisms that make fullerenes. The first and oldest is the “bottom-up” theory, which states these carbon cages are built atom-by-atom, similar to the building of a Lego model. The second, more recent, theory takes a “top-down” approach, suggesting that fullerenes form when much larger structures break into basic parts.

After several years of debate with little more than computational models in support of how the top-down theory might work, researchers led by Dr. Harry Dorn, a professor at the research institute, have discovered the missing link: asymmetrical fullerenes that are formed from larger structures appear to settle into stable fullerenes. The discovery appeared online September 15, 2013, in the journal Nature Chemistry.

“Understanding the molecular mechanics of how fullerenes and their many variations are formed is not just a curiosity,” said Dr. Dorn, who has been researching metallofullerenes—fullerenes with a few atoms of metal held within—for more than two decades. “It would give us insights into new, better ways to prepare them. Fullerenes and metallofullerenes are already involved in hundreds of biomedical studies. The ability to create large numbers of a wide variety of metallofullerenes would be a giant building block that would take the field to new heights.”

The medicinal promise of metallofullerenes stems from the atoms of metal caged within them. Because the metal atoms are trapped in a cage of carbon, they do not react with the outside world, making their side-effect risks low in both number and intensity. One specific metallofullerene with gadolinium at its core, for instance, has been shown to be up to 40 times better as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging scans for diagnostic imaging than options now commercially available. Current studies are also directed at using metallofullerenes to carry therapeutic radioactive ions to target cancer tissue.

“A better understanding of the formation of fullerenes and metallofullerenes may allow the development of new contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging at commercial-level quantities,” said Jianyuan Zhang, a graduate student in Dr. Dorn’s laboratory and the first author of the study. “These larger quantities will facilitate a next generation of contrast agents with multiple targets.”

This new study hinges on the isolation and purification of approximately 100 micrograms of a particular metallofullerene made up of 84 carbon atoms with two additional carbon atoms and two yttrium atoms trapped inside. When Dr. Dorn and his colleagues determined the metallofullerene’s exact structure using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single crystal X-ray analysis, they made a remarkable findings—the asymmetrical molecule could theoretically collapse to form nearly every known fullerene and metallofullerene.

All the process would require would be a few slight steps--the breaking of only a few molecular bonds--and the cage would become highly symmetrical and stable. This discovery, according to Dr. Dorn, backs the theory that fullerenes are formed from graphene--a single sheet of carbon only one atom thick--when key molecular bonds begin to degrade. Moreover, although the study focuses on fullerenes with yttrium trapped inside, it also shows that the carbon distribution looks similar for empty cages, suggesting regular fullerenes form the same way.

“Not only are the findings presented in Dr. Dorn’s paper extremely interesting, but the study represents a real milestone in the field,” said Dr. Takeshi Akasaka, a professor of chemistry at the University of Tsukuba (Japan), and an expert in the field of metallofullerene research, who was not involved in the study. “The study presents physical evidence for a process of metallofullerene creation that most scientists in the field initially scoffed at.”

Dr. Dorn noted that scientists have queried the bottom-up theory of fullerene formation ever since it was discovered that fullerenes were formed from asteroids colliding with Earth and fullerenes were found in interstellar space. “With this study, we hope to be that much closer to understanding their formation and creating entirely new classes of fullerenes and metallofullerenes that could be useful in medicine as well as in other fields that haven’t even occurred to us yet,” Dr. Dorn stated.

“Dr. Dorn’s insight into the fundamental process whereby fullerenes are formed is a major contribution to the field,” said Michael Friedlander, executive director of the Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute. “Understanding the molecular steps in their formation is key to realizing fully the potential of this versatile and potentially potent family of chemicals in medicine. Dr. Dorn’s contributions to understanding these molecules are paving the way for the formulation of targeted novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and the combination of both—theranostics. This approach will provide an important component for tomorrow’s arsenal of precision medicine.”

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Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute