Nanomedicine Moves a Step Closer to Reality

A type of engineered nanoparticles--gold-centered spheres smaller than viruses--has been shown safe when administered by two alternative routes in a mouse study. This marks the first phase of toxicology studies that, within a year and a half, could yield to human trials of the tiny agents for detection of colorectal and possibly other cancers.

"These nanoparticles' lack of toxicity in mice is a good sign that they'll behave well in humans,” said Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, MD, PhD, professor of radiology at Stanford University School of Medicine (Stanford CA, USA) and senior author of the study, which was published April 20, 2011, in the journal Science Translational Medicine. "Early detection of any cancer, including colorectal cancer, markedly improves survival,” said Dr. Gambhir. For example, the widespread use of colonoscopy has significantly lowered colon-cancer mortality rates, he noted. "But colonoscopy relies on the human eye. So this screening tool, while extremely useful, still misses many cancer lesions such as those that are too tiny, obscure, or flat to be noticed.”

A promising way to detect cancerous lesions early is to utilize molecular reporters that are attracted to cancer-lesion sites. One method in use involves fluorescent dyes combined with antibodies that recognize and bind to surface features of cancer cells.

However, that approach has its drawbacks, according to Dr. Gambhir, who is the director of the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford. The body's own tissues also fluoresce slightly, complicating attempts to pinpoint tumor sites. In addition, the restricted range of colors at which antibody-affixed dyes fluoresce limits the number of different tumor-associated features that can be simultaneously identified. Some versions of this application have also proved toxic to cells.

The new study is the first-ever successful demonstration of the safety of a new class of agents: tiny gold balls that have been coated with materials devised to be detected with very high sensitivity, then encased in see-through silica shells and bound to polyethylene glycol molecules to make them more biologically friendly. Molecules that target in on cancer cells can be affixed to them. The resulting nanoparticles measure a mere 100 nm in diameter.

The materials surrounding the nanoparticles' gold centers have special, if subtle, optical properties. Typically, light bounces off a material's surface at the same wavelength it had when it hit the surface. But in each of the specialized materials, about one ten-millionth of the incoming light bounces back in a pattern of distinct wavelengths characteristic of that material. The underlying gold cores have been roughed up in a way that greatly amplifies this so-called "Raman effect,” allowing the simultaneous detection of many different imaging substances by a sensitive instrument called a Raman microscope.

Nanoparticles of this type were originally used in currency inks, to make them difficult to counterfeit. However, Dr. Gambhir's laboratory, in collaboration with Oxonica Materials, a small company owned by the Cabot Corp. (Boston, MA USA), has modified them for biologic use. "Photoimaging with these nanoparticles holds the promise of very early disease detection, even before any gross anatomical changes show up, without physically removing any tissue from the patient,” remarked Dr. Gambhir, who is also a professor of cancer research. But until now, there has been no validation that these particles will not be toxic. The potential effects of anything so small it can be taken up by cells cannot be confirmed.

To see if this problem could be resolved, the investigators administered the nanoparticles to two groups of mice, each consisting of 30 male and 30 female animals, and assessed toxicity in a variety of ways. In each case, the dose was 1,000 times as large as would be required to get a clear signal from the nanoparticles. The first group of 60 mice received the nanoparticles rectally. The researchers followed up with a series of measurements at five different time points ranging from five minutes to two weeks. They monitored the lab animals' blood pressure, electrocardiograms, and white-blood-cell counts. They examined several tissues for increases in the expression of antioxidant enzymes or proinflammatory signaling proteins, which would suggest physiologic stress on the animals' cells. They stained tissues with dyes that flag dying cells.

These investigations yielded virtually no signs of stress to any tissues, and none at all by two weeks after the time of administration. Significantly, the team inspected tissues with electron microscopy to find out where the gold-containing particles had stuck themselves. They found no gold anywhere outside the bowel, indicating that the nanoparticles remained restricted to that organ, and therefore, when rectally administered, posed no threat of systemic toxicity. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were quickly excreted. "That lowers the bar for testing of these agents by the Food and Drug Administration for use in detecting colorectal cancers, because it addresses worries about systemic toxicity,” Dr. Gambhir said.

However, even if the nanoparticles had moved beyond the bowel, it seems they would have caused no systemic problems. On administering the nanoparticles intravenously to the second group of 60 mice, the investigators once again found little signs of inflammation or other evidence of toxicity--and virtually none by two weeks after administration. The intravenously administered nanoparticles were rapidly sequestered by scavenger cells resident in organs such as the liver and spleen.

This creates an avenue to human tests of intravenous injections of these nanoparticles to search for tumors throughout the body. "We can attach molecules targeting breast, lung, or prostate cancer to these spheres,” Dr. Gambhir said. In the study, the researchers did test nanoparticles conjugated to one such molecule: a small protein snippet, or peptide, known to be attracted to tumor cells. Once more, no toxic effects were observed.

Dr. Gambhir's group is now filing for US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to proceed to clinical studies of the nanoparticles for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

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