New Molecular Path Found to Fight Autoimmune Diseases

Researchers have discovered how to modify enzymes that act on the FOXP3 protein, in turn making regulatory immune cells work better. These findings have important implications for treating autoimmune-related diseases.
The study was published online in the March 2007 Proceedings of the [US] National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and arthritis are among a variety of autoimmune diseases that are aggravated when one type of white blood cell, called the immune regulatory cell, malfunctions. In humans, one cause of this malfunction is a mutation in a gene called FOXP3 that disables the immune cells' ability to function.
The research was carried out at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Senior author Mark Greene, M.D., Ph.D., professor of pathology and laboratory medicine said, "We have uncovered a mechanism by which drugs could be developed to stabilize immune regulatory cells in order to fight autoimmune diseases. There has been little understanding about how the FOXP3 protein actually works.”
First author Bin Li, Ph.D., a research associate in Professor Greene's lab, has been working on elucidating this process since FOXP3's discovery almost five years ago. Dr. Li discovered that the FOXP3 protein works via a complex set of enzymes. One set of those enzymes is called histone deacetylases. These enzymes are linked to the FOXP3 protein in association with another set of enzymes called histone acetyl transferases that modify the FOXP3 proteins. DR. Li found that when the histone acetyl transferases are turned on, or when the histone deacetylases are turned off, the immune regulatory cells work better and longer. As a consequence of the action of the acetylating enzyme, the FOXP3 protein functions to turn off pathways that would lead to autoimmune diseases.
"I think this simple approach will revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans because we have a new set of enzymatic drug targets as opposed to the non-specific therapies we now use,” said Professor Greene. Non-specific therapies include the use of steroids and certain chemotherapy-like drugs that act on many cell types and have significant side effects.
"Before this work FOXP3 was thought essential for regulatory T-cell function, but how FOXP3 worked was not known,” said Dr. Li. "Our research identifies a critical mechanism. Based on this mechanism, treatments could be developed to modulate this regulatory cell population.”
"In this line of investigation, we have learned how to turn on or off this regulatory immune cell population--which is normally needed to prevent autoimmune diseases--using drugs that are approved for other purposes, but work on these enzymes” noted co-author Sandra Saouaf, Ph.D., a research associate at Penn.


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